Demonstration Program LowEvents
// *******************************************************************************************
// LowEvents.c CLASSIC EVENT MODEL
// *******************************************************************************************
//
// This program contains a main event loop function, together with subsidiary functions which
// perform nominal handling only of low-level and Operating System events. It opens a window
// in which the types of all received low-level and Operating System events are displayed. It
// terminates when the user clicks the window's close box.
//
// Event handling is only nominal in this program because its main purpose is to demonstrate
// the basics of an application's main event loop. Programs in later chapters demonstrate
// the full gamut of individual event handling.
//
// The program utilises the following resources:
//
// o A 'plst' resource.
//
// o A 'WIND' resource (purgeable).
//
// o A 'SIZE' resource with the acceptSuspendResumeEvents, canBackground,
// doesActivateOnFGSwitch, and isHighLevelEventAware flags set.
//
// *******************************************************************************************
// .................................................................................. includes
#include <Carbon.h>
// ................................................................................... defines
#define rWindowResource 128
#define topLeft(r) (((Point *) &(r))[0])
#define botRight(r) (((Point *) &(r))[1])
// .......................................................................... global variables
Boolean gDone;
RgnHandle gCursorRegionHdl;
// ....................................................................... function prototypes
void main (void);
void doPreliminaries (void);
void doNewWindow (void);
void eventLoop (void);
void doEvents (EventRecord *);
void doMouseDown (EventRecord *);
void doUpdate (EventRecord *);
void doOSEvent (EventRecord *);
void drawEventString (Str255);
void doAdjustCursor (WindowRef);
// ************************************************************************************** main
void main(void)
{
doPreliminaries();
doNewWindow();
eventLoop();
}
// *************************************************************************** doPreliminaries
void doPreliminaries(void)
{
MoreMasterPointers(48);
InitCursor();
FlushEvents(everyEvent,0);
}
// ******************************************************************************* doNewWindow
void doNewWindow(void)
{
WindowRef windowRef;
if(!(windowRef = GetNewCWindow(rWindowResource,NULL,(WindowRef) -1)))
{
SysBeep(10);
ExitToShell();
}
SetPortWindowPort(windowRef);
TextSize(10);
}
// ********************************************************************************* eventLoop
void eventLoop(void)
{
EventRecord eventStructure;
Boolean gotEvent;
gDone = false;
gCursorRegionHdl = NewRgn();
doAdjustCursor(FrontWindow());
while(!gDone)
{
gotEvent = WaitNextEvent(everyEvent,&eventStructure,180,gCursorRegionHdl);
if(gotEvent)
doEvents(&eventStructure);
else
{
if(eventStructure.what == nullEvent)
drawEventString("\p o nullEvent");
}
}
}
// ********************************************************************************** doEvents
void doEvents(EventRecord *eventStrucPtr)
{
switch(eventStrucPtr->what)
{
case mouseDown:
drawEventString("\p o mouseDown");
doMouseDown(eventStrucPtr);
break;
case mouseUp:
drawEventString("\p o mouseUp");
break;
case keyDown:
drawEventString("\p o keyDown");
break;
case autoKey:
drawEventString("\p o autoKey");
break;
case updateEvt:
drawEventString("\p o updateEvt");
doUpdate(eventStrucPtr);
break;
case activateEvt:
drawEventString("\p o activateEvt");
break;
case osEvt:
drawEventString("\p o osEvt - ");
doOSEvent(eventStrucPtr);
break;
}
}
// ******************************************************************************* doMouseDown
void doMouseDown(EventRecord *eventStrucPtr)
{
WindowPartCode partCode;
WindowRef windowRef;
partCode = FindWindow(eventStrucPtr->where,&windowRef);
switch(partCode)
{
case inContent:
if(windowRef != FrontWindow())
SelectWindow(windowRef);
break;
case inDrag:
DragWindow(windowRef,eventStrucPtr->where,NULL);
doAdjustCursor(windowRef);
break;
case inGoAway:
if(TrackGoAway(windowRef,eventStrucPtr->where))
gDone = true;
break;
}
}
// ********************************************************************************** doUpdate
void doUpdate(EventRecord *eventStrucPtr)
{
BeginUpdate((WindowRef) eventStrucPtr->message);
EndUpdate((WindowRef) eventStrucPtr->message);
}
// ********************************************************************************* doOSEvent
void doOSEvent(EventRecord *eventStrucPtr)
{
Cursor arrow;
switch((eventStrucPtr->message >> 24) & 0x000000FF)
{
case suspendResumeMessage:
if((eventStrucPtr->message & resumeFlag) == 1)
{
SetCursor(GetQDGlobalsArrow(&arrow));
DrawString("\pResume");
}
else
DrawString("\pSuspend");
break;
case mouseMovedMessage:
doAdjustCursor(FrontWindow());
DrawString("\pMouse-moved");
break;
}
}
// *************************************************************************** drawEventString
void drawEventString(Str255 eventString)
{
WindowRef windowRef;
RgnHandle tempRegion;
Rect portRect;
windowRef = FrontWindow();
tempRegion = NewRgn();
GetWindowPortBounds(windowRef,&portRect);
ScrollRect(&portRect,0,-15,tempRegion);
DisposeRgn(tempRegion);
MoveTo(8,340);
DrawString(eventString);
}
// **************************************************************************** doAdjustCursor
void doAdjustCursor(WindowRef windowRef)
{
RgnHandle myArrowRegion;
RgnHandle myIBeamRegion;
Rect cursorRect;
Point mousePt;
Cursor arrow;
myArrowRegion = NewRgn();
myIBeamRegion = NewRgn();
SetRectRgn(myArrowRegion,-32768,-32768,32767,32767);
GetWindowPortBounds(windowRef,&cursorRect);
SetPortWindowPort(windowRef);
LocalToGlobal(&topLeft(cursorRect));
LocalToGlobal(&botRight(cursorRect));
RectRgn(myIBeamRegion,&cursorRect);
DiffRgn(myArrowRegion,myIBeamRegion,myArrowRegion);
GetGlobalMouse(&mousePt);
if(PtInRgn(mousePt,myIBeamRegion))
{
SetCursor(*(GetCursor(iBeamCursor)));
CopyRgn(myIBeamRegion,gCursorRegionHdl);
}
else
{
SetCursor(GetQDGlobalsArrow(&arrow));
CopyRgn(myArrowRegion,gCursorRegionHdl);
}
DisposeRgn(myArrowRegion);
DisposeRgn(myIBeamRegion);
}
// *******************************************************************************************
Demonstration Program LowEvents Comments
When the program is run, the user should move the mouse cursor inside and outside the window,
click the mouse inside and outside the window, drag the window, and press and release keyboard
keys, noting the types of events generated by these actions as printed on the scrolling display
inside the window.
The user should also note:
o The basic window deactivation and activation that occurs when the mouse is clicked outside,
and then inside the window.
o That when another window is positioned over part of the program's window and then dragged to
expose more of the program's window, an update event is received on Mac OS 8/9 but not on
Mac OS X.
The program may be terminated by a click in the window's close box.
The general "flow" of the program is illustrated in the flow chart at Fig 4.
defines
rWindowResource establishes a constant for the ID of the 'WIND' resource.
The remaining two lines define two common macros. The first converts the top and left fields
of a Rect to a Point. The second converts the bottom and right field of a Rect to a Point.
Global Variables
The global variable gDone controls the termination of the main event loop and thus of the
program. gCursorRegionHdl will be assigned the handle to a region to be passed in the mouseRgn
parameter of the WaitNextEvent function.
main
The main function calls the functions for performing certain preliminary actions common to most
applications and for creating the window. It then calls the function containing the main event
loop.
doPreliminaries
doPreliminaries is the standard "do prelimaries" function which will be used in all subsequent
Classic event model demonstration programs.
FlushEvents empties the Operating System event queue of any low-level events left unprocessed
by another application, for example, any mouse-down or keyboard events that the user may have
entered while this program was being launched.
doNewWindow
The function doNewWindow opens the window in which the types of low-level and Operating System
events will be printed as they occur. The 'WIND' resource passed as the first parameter
specifies that the window has a close box and a drag (title) bar. The window's graphics port
is set as the current port for drawing and the text size is set to 10 points.
eventLoop
eventLoop is the main event loop.
The global variable gDone is set to false before the event loop is entered. This variable will
be set to true when the user clicks on the window's close box. The event loop (the while
loop) terminates when gDone is set to true.
The calls to NewRgn and doAdjustCursor have to do with the generation of mouse-moved events.
The NewRgn call allocates storage for a Region object and initialises the contents of the
region to make it an empty region. As will be seen, this first call to doAdjustCursor defines
two regions (one for the arrow cursor and one for the I-Beam cursor) and copies the handle to
one of them (depending on the current position of the mouse cursor) to the global variable
gCursorRegionHandle.
In the call to WaitNextEvent:
o The event mask everyEvent ensures that all types of low-level and Operating System events
will be returned to the application (except keyUp events, which are masked out by the system
event mask).
o eventStructure is the EventRecord structure which, when WaitNextEvent returns, will contain
information about the event.
o 180 represents the number of ticks for which the application agrees to relinquish the
processor if no events are pending for it. 180 ticks equates to about three seconds.
o If the cursor is now not within the region passed in the cursorRegion parameter, a
mouse-moved event will be generated immediately.
WaitNextEvent returns 1 if an event was pending, otherwise it returns 0. If an event was
pending, the program branches to doEvent to determine the type of event and handle the event
according to its type. If 0 is returned, and if the what field of the event structure contains
nullEvent, "nullEvent" is printed in the window. This will occur every three seconds in the
absence of other events.
doEvents
doEvents handles some events to finality and performs initial handling of others.
On return from WaitNextEvent, the what field of the event structure contains an unsigned short
integer which indicates the type of event received. The doEvent function isolates the type of
event and switches according to that type.
In this demonstration, the action taken in every case is to print the type of event in the
window. In addition, and in the case of mouse-down, update, and Operating System events only,
calls to individual event handling functions are made.
Note that, in the case of an Operating System event, doEvent will only print "osEvt - " in the
window. At this stage, the program has not yet established whether the event is a suspend,
resume or mouse-moved event.
Note also that the inclusion of the key-up event handling would be pointless, since key-up
events are masked out by the Operating System.
doMouseDown
The function doMouseDown handles mouse-down events to completion.
FindWindow is called to get a reference to the window in which the event occurred and a part
code which indicates the part of that window in which the mouse-down occurred. The function
then switches according to that part code.
The inContent case deals with a mouse-down in a window's content region. FrontWindow returns a
reference to the frontmost window. If this is not the same as the reference in the event
structure's message field, SelectWindow is called to generate activate events and to perform
basic window activation and deactivation. (Actually, SelectWindow will never be called in this
demonstration because the program only opens one window, which is always the front window.)
The inDrag case deals with a mouse-down in the window's title bar (Mac OS 8/9) or title bar
(Mac OS X). In this case, control is handed over to DragWindow, which tracks the mouse and
drags the window according to mouse movement until the mouse button is released. A bounding
rectangle limiting the area in which the window can be dragged may be passed in DragWindow's
third parameter. In Carbon, NULL may also be passed in this parameter. This has the effect of
setting the third parameter to the bounding box of the "desktop region" (also known as the
"gray region"). The desktop region is the region below the menu bar, including all screen real
estate in a system equipped with multiple monitors.
The regions controlling the generation of mouse-moved events are defined in global coordinates.
The region for the I-Beam cursor is based on the window's graphics port's bounding rectangle.
Accordingly, when the window is moved, the new location of the port rectangle, in global
coordinates, must be re-calculated so that the arrow cursor and I-Beam cursor regions may be
re-defined. The call to doAdjustCursor re-defines these regions for the new window location
and copies the handle to one of them, depending on the current location of the mouse cursor, to
the global variable gCursorRegionHandle. (Note that this call to doAdjustCursor will also be
required, for the same reason, when a window is re-sized or zoomed.)
The inGoAway case deals with the case of a mouse-down in the close box (Mac OS 8/9) or close
button (Mac OS X). In this case, control is handed over to TrackGoAway, which tracks the mouse
while the mouse button remains down. When the button is released, TrackGoAway returns true if
the cursor is still inside the close box, in which case the global variable gDone is set to
true, terminating the event loop and the program.
doUpdate
The function doUpdate handles update events to completion.
Although no window updating is performed by this program, it is nonetheless necessary to call
BeginUpdate because, amongst other things, BeginUpdate clears the update region, thus
preventing the generation of an unending stream of update events. The call to EndUpdate always
concludes a call to BeginUpdate, undoing the results of the visible/update region manipulations
of the latter.
doOSEvent
doOSEvent first determines whether the Operating System event passed to it is a suspend/resume
event or a mouse-moved event by examining bits 24-31 of the message field. It then switches
according to that determination.
In the case of a suspend/resume event, a further examination of the message field establishes
whether the event was a suspend event or a resume event. In the case of a resume event, the
call to SetCursor ensures that the cursor will be set to the arrow cursor shape when the
application comes to the foreground. (With regard to the call to GetQDGlobalsArrow, see
QuickDraw Globals and Accessor Functions, below.)
In the case of a mouse-moved event (which occurs when the mouse cursor has moved outside the
region whose handle is currently being passed in WaitNextEvent's mouseRgn parameter),
doAdjustCursor is called to change the handle passed in the mouseRgn parameter according to the
current location of the mouse.
drawEventString
drawEventString is incidental to the demonstration. It simply prints text in the window
indicating when the various types of events are received. ScrollRect scrolls the contents of
the current graphics port within the rectangle specified in the first parameter. The second
parameter specifies the number of pixels to be scrolled to the right and the third parameter
specifies the number of pixels to scroll vertically, in this case 15 up.
doAdjustCursor
doAdjustCursor's primary purpose in this particular demonstration is to force the generation of
mouse-moved events. The fact that it also changes the cursor shape simply reflects the fact
that changing the cursor shape is usually the sole reason for generating mouse-moved events in
the first place.
Basically, the function establishes two regions (the calls to NewRgn), one describing the
content area of the window (in global coordinates) and the other everything outside that. The
location of the cursor, in global coordinates, is then ascertained by the call to
GetGlobalMouse. If the cursor is in the content area of the window (the I-Beam region), the
cursor is set to the I-Beam shape and the handle to the I-Beam region is copied to the global
variable passed in the mouseRgn parameter in the WaitNextEvent call in the eventLoop function.
If the cursor is in the other region (the arrow region), the cursor is set to the normal arrow
shape and the arrow region is copied to the global variable passed in the mouseRgn parameter.
GetCursor reads in the system 'CURS' resource specified by the constant iBeamCursor and returns
a handle to the 68-byte Cursor structure created by the call. The parameter for a SetCursor
call is required to be the address of a Cursor structure. Dereferencing the handle once
provides that address.
WaitNextEvent, of course, returns a mouse-moved event only when the cursor moves outside the
"current" region, the handle to which is passed in the mouseRgn parameter of the WaitNextEvent
call. Only one mouse-moved event, rather than a stream of mouse-moved events, will be
generated when the cursor is moved outside the "current" region because:
o The mouse-moved event will cause doAdjustCursor to be called.
o doAdjustCursor will thus reset the "current" region to the region in which the cursor is now
located.
The cursor and cursor adjustment aspects, as opposed to the region-swapping aspects, of the
doAdjustCursor function are incidental to the demonstration. These aspects are addressed in
more detail at Chapter 13.
QUICKDRAW GLOBALS AND ACCESSOR FUNCTIONS |
An accessor function pertaining to application QuickDraw global variables
(GetQDGlobalsArrow) is used in this demonstration.
QuickDraw global variables are stored as part of your application's global variables.
In Carbon, accessor functions are provided, and must be used, to access the data in
these globals.
The accessor functions are as follows:
CGrafPtr GetQDGlobalsThePort(void); // Gets pointer to current graphics port.
Cursor* GetQDGlobalsArrow(Cursor *arrow); // Gets standard cursor arrow shape.
void SetQDGlobalsArrow(const Cursor *arrow); // Sets standard cursor arrow shape.
Pattern* GetQDGlobalsDarkGray(Pattern *dkGray); // Gets pre-defined dark gray pattern.
Pattern* GetQDGlobalsLightGray(Pattern *ltGray); // Gets pre-defined light gray pattern.
Pattern* GetQDGlobalsGray(Pattern *gray); // Gets pre-defined gray pattern.
Pattern* GetQDGlobalsBlack(Pattern *black); // Gets pre-defined black pattern.
Pattern* GetQDGlobalsWhite(Pattern *white); // Gets pre-defined e white pattern.
long GetQDGlobalsRandomSeed(void); // Get random number generator seed.
void SetQDGlobalsRandomSeed(long randomSeed); // Set random number generator seed.
BitMap* GetQDGlobalsScreenBits(BitMap *screenBits); // screenBits.bounds contains
// rectangle enclosing main screen.
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