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Jun 95 Challenge
Volume Number:11
Issue Number:6
Column Tag:Programmer’s Challenge

Programmer’s Challenge

By Bob Boonstra and Mike Scanlin

Note: Source code files accompanying article are located on MacTech CD-ROM or source code disks.

Goodbye From Mike

This month is a special month. I have decided to turn the Programmer Challenge over to Bob Boonstra. Readers of this column will recognize Bob’s name from his many excellent winning solutions to the Challenges I’ve posed. In fact, Bob is the proud owner of six 1st-place showings. I can think of no-one I’d rather turn this column over to than Bob. I will judge the last two puzzles I have posed and Bob will judge the puzzles he poses (the first of which, Check Checkmate, is in this issue).

It’s been almost three years since I first started this column. While it has been incredibly rewarding to see so much optimal code and meet so many like-minded efficiency nuts, my life has changed during those three years and I no longer have the time that this column deserves. Even though I won't be writing it any more I'm sure this column will remain my favorite part of MacTech (I may even submit an entry once in a while...).

Thanks to everyone who took the time to write to me over the years with suggestions for Challenges. I have given Bob the compiled list of ideas. I’m sure he’d love to hear from you if you have any other ideas or comments on what you want to see in this column. I leave you in Bob’s capable hands...

Optimally yours,

Mike Scanlin
scanlin@genmagic.com

Check Checkmate

This month’s Challenge deals with the game of chess. You will be given a chess position and asked to produce the list of moves and captures that it is legal for one of the sides to make in accordance with the rules of chess. The objective is to produce the legal move list in minimum time.

Here are the prototypes for the routines you should write:

typedef enum {rowA=0,rowB,rowC,rowD,rowE,rowF,rowG,rowH} Row;
typedef enum {col1=0,col2,col3,col4,col5,col6,col7,col8} Col;
typedef enum {whiteSide=0,blackSide} Side;
typedef enum {king=0,queen,rook,bishop,knight,pawn} ChessPiece ;

typedef struct Square {
 Row row;
 Col col;
} Square;

typedef struct PiecePosition {
 Square sq;
 Side side;
 ChessPiece piece;
} PiecePosition;

typedef struct ChessMove {
 Square fromSq;
 Square toSq;
 Boolean moveIsCapture;
 Boolean opponentPlacedInCheck;
} ChessMove;

short /*numberOfMoves*/ LegalChessMoves(
 PiecePosition piecePositionArray[],
 short numberOfPieces,
 Side sideToMove,
 ChessMove legalMoveArray[],
 void *privateDataPtr
);

void InitChess(void *privateDataPtr);

This Challenge will consist of one call to InitChess, followed by multiple calls to LegalChessMoves. The InitChess routine will not be timed, and may initialize up to 32K bytes of storage preallocated by my testbench and pointed to by privateDataPtr. Your program should not use any static storage besides that pointed to by privateDataPtr.

Each call to LegalChessMoves will provide a piecePositionArray containing numberOfPieces chess pieces. Each piece is described in a PiecePosition struct containing the ChessPiece, Side, and position. The position is provided as a Square struct containing a Row and a Col, where rowA represents the starting row for the White major pieces, and rowH the starting row for Black. The columns are numbered from left to right as viewed from the White side, so that (rowH, col4) is the starting square of the Black queen in a new game. The piecePositionArray will describe a legal set of chess piece positions, anything from the initial positions in a new game to an end-game position. No position will be provided that could not be reached during a chess game. Remember that due to past pawn promotions, a side may have (for example) more than one queen. You should generate the moves for the side provided in sideToMove. The privateDataPtr parameter will be the same pointer provided to InitChess.

LegalChessMoves should store in legalMoveArray the complete list of legal ChessMoves for the sideToMove. The legalMoveArray will be allocated by my testbench and will be large enough to hold all of the legal moves for the given chess position. You should describe each legal move/capture by placing the row/col location of the moving piece in fromSq and the rol/col of the destination in toSq. In addition, for each move, the Boolean moveIsCapture should be set to true if the move captures an opponent's piece (and set to false otherwise). Similarly, the Boolean opponentPlacedInCheck should be set to true if the move places the opponent in check (and set to false otherwise). The return value of the function should be the number of moves stored in legalMoveArray. In generating the list of legal moves, you should assume that castling moves or en passant pawn captures cannot occur. Remember that it is not legal to make a chess move which places or leaves the moving side's king in check. If the sideToMove has been checkmated and cannot move, LegalChessMoves should return zero.

This month brings one change to the rules of the contest. From now on, with apologies (and sympathies) to any MacPlus users still out there, the 68020 code generation option will be turned ON. This Challenge will be scored using the THINK C compiler and 68K instruction set, but future Challenges will include occasional use of the CodeWarrior compiler and/or the PowerPC instruction set. This month, you should also include the following pragmas in your code:

#pragma options (mc68020, !mc68881, require_protos)
#pragma options (pack_enums, align_arrays)

Have fun, and e-mail me if there are any questions.

Two Months Ago Winner

I guess most people spent the beginning of April working on their taxes instead of the Stock Market Database Challenge because I only received 3 entries. Of those, only two worked correctly. Despite the lack of competition, I’m happy to say that the winning solution is quite good. Congratulations to Xan Gregg (Durham, NC) for his efficient solution. And thanks to Ernst Munter for taking the time to enter. Ernst was at a bit of a disadvantage, considering he had to develop his code on a DOS-based machine that didn’t have the RAM or disk space specified in the problem.

Here are the times and code sizes for both entries. Numbers in parens after a person’s name indicate that person’s cumulative point total for all previous Programmer Challenges, not including this one:

Name time code

Xan Gregg (4) 3523 1766

Ernst Munter (53) 61714 3470

The key to implementing a fast database where not everything fits into RAM is to have fast RAM-based indexes to your disk-based data and to minimize disk accesses. Also, for those times when you do read/write to the disk it’s really important to do it in even sector amounts. Xan uses 8K reads/writes. Sectors on most devices are 512 bytes each so 8K is a good choice. If your application ever needs to swap data to disk then you should study Xan’s code. It could save your users a lot of time.

Top 20 Contestants Of All Time

Here are the Top 20 Contestants for the 34 Programmer’s Challenges to date. The numbers below include points awarded for this months’ entrants. (Note: ties are listed alphabetically by last name - there are 24 people listed this month because 7 people have 20 points each.)

1. Boonstra, Bob 176

2. Karsh, Bill 71

3. Stenger, Allen 65

4. Munter, Ernst 63

5. Larsson, Gustav 60

6. Riha, Stepan 51

7. Goebel, James 49

8. Cutts, Kevin 46

9. Nepsund, Ronald 40

10. Vineyard, Jeremy 40

11. Darrah, Dave 34

12. Mallett, Jeff 34

13. Landry, Larry 29

14. Elwertowski, Tom 24

15. Gregg, Xan 24

16. Kasparian, Raffi 24

17. Lee, Johnny 22

18. Anderson, Troy 20

19. Burgoyne, Nick 20

20. Galway, Will 20

21. Israelson, Steve 20

22. Landweber, Greg 20

23. Noll, Bob 20

24. Pinkerton, Tom 20

There are three ways to earn points: (1) by scoring in the top 5 of any challenge, (2) by being the first person to find a bug in a published winning solution or, (3) being the first person to suggest a challenge that I use. The points you can win are:

1st place 20 points

2nd place 10 points

3rd place 7 points

4th place 4 points

5th place 2 points

finding bug 5 points

suggesting challenge 2 points

Here is Xan’s winning solution:

#include <OSUtils.h>
#include <Memory.h>
#include <Files.h>

/* OVERVIEW  market.c - by Xan Gregg
I cache all symbol names in memory and as many blocks
of trade data from disk as possible are cached in the rest
of the allowed memory.  For each symbol I keep a “pointer”
(block# and entry#) to the most recent trade involving that
symbol.  Each trade points to the previous trade of that
symbol.

The header includes an array of 26K entries in which each
entry points to a list of symbols.  All symbols with the
same first three letters are on the same list.  So the array
of symbol lists is indexed by the first three letters.

The trade data are stored on disk as a summary of the trade
information passed to NewTrade().  The time is stored in
a long, and the volume is stored as a daily cummulative
value.  The data is accumulated into a 8K block which
is written to disk when it gets full.

I know that there will be under 500,000 trades (since
the trade is at most 10MB and each Trade struct is 22
bytes).  And I have been told there will be about 10,000
symbols and at most 16K.  So that puts each symbol at
an average of 50 trades each.  That’s good for my approach
of indexing by the symbol name.  However, since I iterate
through the list of trades in reverse order, I am at a
disadvantage if a lot of older data is requested.

*/

typedef unsigned char uchar;
typedef unsigned short  ushort;
typedef unsigned long ulong;

typedef struct TimeStamp {
 uchar  yearsFrom1900;
 uchar  month;
 uchar  day;
 uchar  hour;
 uchar  minute;
 uchar  second;
} TimeStamp;

typedef char Str7[8];

typedef struct Trade {
 Str7   symbol;
 TimeStamptime;
 Fixed  price;
 ulong  numShares;
} Trade;

void *InitTradeDatabase(ulong maxRAM);
void NewTrade(void *privateDataPtr, Trade trade);
Fixed PriceIs(void *privateDataPtr, Str7 symbol, TimeStamp time);
ulong VolumeIs(void *privateDataPtr, Str7 symbol, TimeStamp time);

#define kBlockSize  8192L
#define kBlockEntries   (kBlockSize/16)
#define kFileSize   (8*1024L*1024L)
                /* enough to store 500,000 trades */
#define kNumBlocks  1024L

#define kNumSymbolIndices (26*32*32L)
#define kSecondsPerDay  (60L*60L*24)

typedef struct SymbolEntry SymbolEntry;

struct SymbolEntry
 {
    long        restOfSymbol;   /* last 4 chars */
    SymbolEntry *next;          /* with same 1st 3 chars */
    short       latestBlockNum; /* location on disk */
    short       latestEntryNum; /* location with block */
 };

/* 16-byte struct stored on disk for each trade */
typedef struct
 {
    ulong   seconds;      /* seconds since 1904 */
    Fixed   price;        /* same as from Trade record */
    ulong   totalShares;  /* current and previous */
    short   prevBlockNum;
    short   prevEntryNum;
 } TradeSummary;

typedef struct
 {
    TradeSummary data[kBlockEntries];
    short      blockNum;   /* where it is on disk */
    short   filler;
 } CachedBlock;

typedef struct
 {
    CachedBlock  *blockLocation[kNumBlocks]; /* 4KB */
    Ptr          symbolDataEnd;
    CachedBlock  *lowestBlockP;
    CachedBlock  *highestBlockP;
    CachedBlock  *oldestBlockP;
    CachedBlock  *currentOutBlockP;
    short        currentEntryNum;
    short        refNum;
    ParamBlockRec pb;
    ushort       symbolIndex[kNumSymbolIndices]; /* 26KB */
    SymbolEntry  symbols[1]; /* variable length */
 } Header;

/* the above struct takes less than 32K, and the
symbol data takes less than 192K (assuming a max of
16K symbols), so the cached blocks can use everything
after the first 224K */

#define gBlockLocation      dataP->blockLocation
#define gSymbolDataEnd      dataP->symbolDataEnd
#define gLowestBlockP       dataP->lowestBlockP
#define gHighestBlockP      dataP->highestBlockP
#define gOldestBlockP       dataP->oldestBlockP
#define gCurrentOutBlockP   dataP->currentOutBlockP
#define gCurrentEntryNum    dataP->currentEntryNum
#define gRefNum             dataP->refNum
#define gPB                 dataP->pb
#define gSymbolIndex        dataP->symbolIndex
#define gSymbols            dataP->symbols


void *InitTradeDatabase(ulong maxRAM)
{
    Header      *dataP;
    CachedBlock *blockP;

    maxRAM = maxRAM & -4L;  /* make sure end is aligned */
    dataP = (Header *) NewPtrClear(maxRAM);
    if (dataP == 0)
        DebugStr(“\p NO MEM”);

    /* skip the first symbol as 0 is not a valid index */
    gSymbolDataEnd = (Ptr) (gSymbols + 1);

    /* Initialize memory blocks at end of data area. */
    blockP = (CachedBlock *) (((Ptr) dataP) + maxRAM);
    gCurrentOutBlockP = blockP - 1;
    /* leaving 224K for headers and symbols */
    while ((Ptr) (blockP - 1) > ((Ptr) dataP) + 224*1024L)
     {
        blockP-;
        blockP->blockNum = -1;
     }
    gLowestBlockP = blockP;
    gHighestBlockP = gCurrentOutBlockP;
    gOldestBlockP = gHighestBlockP - 1;
    gCurrentOutBlockP->blockNum = 0;
    gBlockLocation[0] = gCurrentOutBlockP;

    { /* create swap file */
    OSErr   err;
    long    size;
    err = Create(“\pXansSwapFile”, 0, ‘xxxx’, ‘DATA’);
    if (err)
     {
        FSDelete(“\pXansSwapFile”, 0);
        err = Create(“\pXansSwapFile”, 0, ‘xxxx’, ‘DATA’);
        if (err)
            DebugStr(“\p NO FILE”);
     }
    FSOpen(“\pXansSwapFile”, 0, &gRefNum);
    if (gRefNum == 0)
        DebugStr(“\p NO FILE”);
    size = kFileSize;
    err = AllocContig(gRefNum, &size);
    size = kFileSize;
    if (err)
        err = Allocate(gRefNum, &size);
    if (err)
        DebugStr(“\p NO FILE”);
    SetEOF(gRefNum, kFileSize);
    }
    return (void *) dataP;
}


/* Take a chance and use OS trap here.  If assembly
were allowed could at least cache the address of the
code and call it with a function pointer instead of
through a trap, or we could just write this whole
routine is assembly.
*/
ulong timeToSeconds(TimeStamp *timeP)
{
    DateTimeRec dateTime;
    ulong       seconds;

    dateTime.year = 1900 + timeP->yearsFrom1900;
    dateTime.month = timeP->month;
    dateTime.day = timeP->day;
    dateTime.hour = timeP->hour;
    dateTime.minute = timeP->minute;
    dateTime.second = timeP->second;
    Date2Secs(&dateTime, &seconds);
    return seconds;
}


/* returns 0 if the symbol was not found */
SymbolEntry *findSymbolEntry(Header *dataP, Str7 symbol)
{
    register long           rest;
    register SymbolEntry    *symbolP;
    long        memRest;
    short       keyIndex;
    char        secondChar;
    char        thirdChar;
    char        *p;
    short       len = symbol[0];

        /* figure the keyIndex (first three letters) */
    if (len < 2)
     {
        secondChar = 0;
        thirdChar = 0;
     }
    else
     {
        secondChar = symbol[2] - ‘@’;
        if (len != 2)
            thirdChar = symbol[3] - ‘@’;
        else
            thirdChar = 0;
     }
    keyIndex = ((symbol[1] - ‘A’) << 10)
                        | (secondChar << 5) | thirdChar;

    /* and the ‘rest’ (last four letters) */
    memRest = 0;
    p = (char *) &memRest;
    while (len > 3)
        *p++ = symbol[len-];

    rest = memRest;
    if (gSymbolIndex[keyIndex] == 0)
        symbolP = 0;
    else
     {
        symbolP = &gSymbols[gSymbolIndex[keyIndex]];
        while ((symbolP != 0)
                 && (symbolP->restOfSymbol != rest))
            symbolP = symbolP->next;
     }
    return symbolP;
}


/* like findSymbol, but inserts it if necessary */
SymbolEntry *findInsertSymbolEntry(Header *dataP,
                                        Str7 symbol)
{
    register long           rest;
    register SymbolEntry    *symbolP;
    long        memRest;
    short       keyIndex;
    char        secondChar;
    char        thirdChar;
    char        *p;
    short       len = symbol[0];

    /* figure the keyIndex (first three letters) */
    if (len < 2)
     {
        secondChar = 0;
        thirdChar = 0;
     }
    else
     {
        secondChar = symbol[2] - ‘@’;
        if (len != 2)
            thirdChar = symbol[3] - ‘@’;
        else
            thirdChar = 0;
     }
    keyIndex = ((symbol[1] - ‘A’) << 10)
                     | (secondChar << 5) | thirdChar;

    /* and the ‘rest’ (last four letters) */
    memRest = 0;
    p = (char *) &memRest;
    while (len > 3)
        *p++ = symbol[len-];

    rest = memRest;
    if (gSymbolIndex[keyIndex] == 0)
     {  /* this is the first symbol with this key */
        symbolP = (SymbolEntry *) gSymbolDataEnd;
        gSymbolIndex[keyIndex] =
                            (ushort) (symbolP - gSymbols);
        gSymbolDataEnd += sizeof(SymbolEntry);
        symbolP->restOfSymbol = rest;
        symbolP->next = 0;
        symbolP->latestBlockNum = -1;
     }
    else
     {  /* search the list for our last four letters */
        symbolP = &gSymbols[gSymbolIndex[keyIndex]];
        while ((symbolP->next != 0) &&
                    (symbolP->restOfSymbol != rest))
            symbolP = symbolP->next;
        if (symbolP->restOfSymbol != rest)
         {  /* not found so add it */
            symbolP->next = (SymbolEntry *) gSymbolDataEnd;
            symbolP = symbolP->next;
            gSymbolDataEnd += sizeof(SymbolEntry);
            symbolP->restOfSymbol = rest;
            symbolP->next = 0;
            symbolP->latestBlockNum = -1;
         }
     }
    return symbolP;
}

/* returns a pointer to a block in memory.  If the
block is not already in memory, it is loaded from disk. */
CachedBlock *getBlock(Header *dataP, short blockNum)
{
    CachedBlock     *blockP;
    ParamBlockRec   readPB;

    blockP = gBlockLocation[blockNum];
    if (blockP == 0)
     {  /* need to load it from disk */
        if (gOldestBlockP->blockNum >= 0)
            gBlockLocation[gOldestBlockP->blockNum] = 0;
        gOldestBlockP->blockNum = blockNum;
        readPB.ioParam.ioCompletion = 0;
        readPB.ioParam.ioRefNum = gRefNum;
        readPB.ioParam.ioBuffer = (Ptr) gOldestBlockP->data;
        readPB.ioParam.ioReqCount = kBlockSize;
        readPB.ioParam.ioPosMode = fsFromStart
                             | (1 << 5); /* don’t cache */
        readPB.ioParam.ioPosOffset = ((long) blockNum)
                                         * kBlockSize;
        PBRead(&readPB, true);
        gBlockLocation[blockNum] = gOldestBlockP;

        /* find the next oldest block */
        if (gOldestBlockP == gLowestBlockP)
            gOldestBlockP = gHighestBlockP;
        else
            gOldestBlockP-;
        if (gOldestBlockP == gCurrentOutBlockP)
            if (gOldestBlockP == gLowestBlockP)
                gOldestBlockP = gHighestBlockP;
            else
                gOldestBlockP-;
        if ((gPB.ioParam.ioResult > 0)
                && (((Ptr) gOldestBlockP->data)
                         == gPB.ioParam.ioBuffer))
            if (gOldestBlockP == gLowestBlockP)
                gOldestBlockP = gHighestBlockP;
            else
                gOldestBlockP-;
        if (gOldestBlockP == gCurrentOutBlockP)
            if (gOldestBlockP == gLowestBlockP)
                gOldestBlockP = gHighestBlockP;
            else
                gOldestBlockP-;
                     /* wait for read to complete */
        while (readPB.ioParam.ioResult > 0)
            ;
     }
    return blockP;
}


void writeCurrentBlock(Header *dataP)
{
    CachedBlock *p;

    /* make sure any previous write is done */
    while (gPB.ioParam.ioResult > 0)
        ;
    gPB.ioParam.ioRefNum = gRefNum;
    gPB.ioParam.ioBuffer = (Ptr) gCurrentOutBlockP->data;
    gPB.ioParam.ioReqCount = kBlockSize;
    gPB.ioParam.ioPosMode = fsFromStart;
    gPB.ioParam.ioPosOffset =
        ((long) gCurrentOutBlockP->blockNum) * kBlockSize;
    PBWrite(&gPB, true);

    /* find the next oldest block */
    p = gOldestBlockP;
    if (gOldestBlockP == gLowestBlockP)
        gOldestBlockP = gHighestBlockP;
    else
        gOldestBlockP-;
    if (gOldestBlockP == gCurrentOutBlockP)
        if (gOldestBlockP == gLowestBlockP)
            gOldestBlockP = gHighestBlockP;
        else
            gOldestBlockP-;
    gCurrentOutBlockP = p;
}


void NewTrade(void *privateP, Trade trade)
{
    Header          *dataP = (Header *) privateP;
    ulong           seconds;
    TradeSummary    *tradeP;
    SymbolEntry     *symbolP;

    seconds = timeToSeconds(&trade.time);

    if (gCurrentEntryNum == kBlockEntries)
     {  /* current block is full, so write it out */
        short   curBlockNum = gCurrentOutBlockP->blockNum;

        writeCurrentBlock(dataP);
        gCurrentEntryNum = 0;
        if (gCurrentOutBlockP->blockNum >= 0)
            gBlockLocation[gCurrentOutBlockP->blockNum] = 0;
        gCurrentOutBlockP->blockNum = curBlockNum + 1;
        gBlockLocation[gCurrentOutBlockP->blockNum] =
                                     gCurrentOutBlockP;
     }
    symbolP = findInsertSymbolEntry(dataP, trade.symbol);
    tradeP = &gCurrentOutBlockP->data[gCurrentEntryNum];
    tradeP->seconds = seconds;
    tradeP->price = trade.price;
    tradeP->totalShares = trade.numShares;
    if (symbolP->latestBlockNum >= 0)
     {
        CachedBlock *blockP;
        TradeSummary *prevTradeP;
        ulong       todaySeconds;

        todaySeconds = seconds - (seconds % kSecondsPerDay);
        blockP = getBlock(dataP, symbolP->latestBlockNum);
        prevTradeP = &blockP->data[symbolP->latestEntryNum];
        if (prevTradeP->seconds >= todaySeconds)
            tradeP->totalShares += prevTradeP->totalShares;
     }
    tradeP->prevBlockNum = symbolP->latestBlockNum;
    tradeP->prevEntryNum = symbolP->latestEntryNum;
    symbolP->latestBlockNum = gCurrentOutBlockP->blockNum;
    symbolP->latestEntryNum = gCurrentEntryNum;
    gCurrentEntryNum++;
}


Fixed PriceIs(void *privateP, Str7 symbol, TimeStamp time)
{
    Header      *dataP = (Header *) privateP;
    ulong       seconds;
    SymbolEntry *symbolP;

    seconds = timeToSeconds(&time);
    symbolP = findSymbolEntry(dataP, symbol);
    if (symbolP)
     {
        CachedBlock     *blockP;
        TradeSummary    *tradeP;

                    /* look for the most recent trade that is before
                         or on the requested time */
        blockP = getBlock(dataP, symbolP->latestBlockNum);
        tradeP = &blockP->data[symbolP->latestEntryNum];
        while (tradeP->seconds > seconds)
         {
            if (tradeP->prevBlockNum < 0)
                return 0;
            blockP = getBlock(dataP, tradeP->prevBlockNum);
            tradeP = &blockP->data[tradeP->prevEntryNum];
         }
        return tradeP->price;
     }
    else
        return 0;
}


ulong VolumeIs(void *privateP, Str7 symbol, TimeStamp time)
{
    Header      *dataP = (Header *) privateP;
    ulong       seconds;
    SymbolEntry *symbolP;
    ulong       todaySeconds;

    seconds = timeToSeconds(&time);
    todaySeconds = seconds - (seconds % kSecondsPerDay);
    symbolP = findSymbolEntry(dataP, symbol);
    if (symbolP)
     {
        CachedBlock     *blockP;
        TradeSummary    *tradeP;

                  /* look for the most recent trade that is before
             the requested time and on the same day */
        blockP = getBlock(dataP, symbolP->latestBlockNum);
        tradeP = &blockP->data[symbolP->latestEntryNum];
        while (tradeP->seconds >= seconds)
         {
            if (tradeP->prevBlockNum < 0)
                return 0;
            blockP = getBlock(dataP, tradeP->prevBlockNum);
            tradeP = &blockP->data[tradeP->prevEntryNum];
         }
        if (tradeP->seconds < todaySeconds)
            return 0;
        else
            return tradeP->totalShares;
     }
    else
        return 0;

}

 

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AT&T is offering a 65% discount on the ne...
AT&T is offering the new iPhone 16e for up to 65% off their monthly finance fee with 36-months of service. No trade-in is required. Discount is applied via monthly bill credits over the 36 month... Read more
Use this code to get a free iPhone 13 at Visi...
For a limited time, use code SWEETDEAL to get a free 128GB iPhone 13 Visible, Verizon’s low-cost wireless cell service, Visible. Deal is valid when you purchase the Visible+ annual plan. Free... Read more
M4 Mac minis on sale for $50-$80 off MSRP at...
B&H Photo has M4 Mac minis in stock and on sale right now for $50 to $80 off Apple’s MSRP, each including free 1-2 day shipping to most US addresses: – M4 Mac mini (16GB/256GB): $549, $50 off... Read more
Buy an iPhone 16 at Boost Mobile and get one...
Boost Mobile, an MVNO using AT&T and T-Mobile’s networks, is offering one year of free Unlimited service with the purchase of any iPhone 16. Purchase the iPhone at standard MSRP, and then choose... Read more
Get an iPhone 15 for only $299 at Boost Mobil...
Boost Mobile, an MVNO using AT&T and T-Mobile’s networks, is offering the 128GB iPhone 15 for $299.99 including service with their Unlimited Premium plan (50GB of premium data, $60/month), or $20... Read more
Unreal Mobile is offering $100 off any new iP...
Unreal Mobile, an MVNO using AT&T and T-Mobile’s networks, is offering a $100 discount on any new iPhone with service. This includes new iPhone 16 models as well as iPhone 15, 14, 13, and SE... Read more
Apple drops prices on clearance iPhone 14 mod...
With today’s introduction of the new iPhone 16e, Apple has discontinued the iPhone 14, 14 Pro, and SE. In response, Apple has dropped prices on unlocked, Certified Refurbished, iPhone 14 models to a... Read more
B&H has 16-inch M4 Max MacBook Pros on sa...
B&H Photo is offering a $360-$410 discount on new 16-inch MacBook Pros with M4 Max CPUs right now. B&H offers free 1-2 day shipping to most US addresses: – 16″ M4 Max MacBook Pro (36GB/1TB/... Read more
Amazon is offering a $100 discount on the M4...
Amazon has the M4 Pro Mac mini discounted $100 off MSRP right now. Shipping is free. Their price is the lowest currently available for this popular mini: – Mac mini M4 Pro (24GB/512GB): $1299, $100... Read more
B&H continues to offer $150-$220 discount...
B&H Photo has 14-inch M4 MacBook Pros on sale for $150-$220 off MSRP. B&H offers free 1-2 day shipping to most US addresses: – 14″ M4 MacBook Pro (16GB/512GB): $1449, $150 off MSRP – 14″ M4... Read more

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